The Oankali don't need weapons because they've already won the argument inside human bodies.
They arrive after nuclear war has already shattered Earth's ability to survive independently — then present themselves as the only solution: genetic merger or slow extinction.
Lilith watches this calculation happen to her own daughter Akin, who is born half-Oankali and experiences a biological craving for the merger that feels like hunger, like need. This is the mechanism Butler understood before it became visible: once you make survival dependent on accepting a violation, you don't need to force compliance.
The Oankali's trades aren't described as conquests in the text — they're presented as exchanges, and trade is the word that matters because it sounds reciprocal, balanced, even fair. But the asymmetry is absolute: humans get the chance to continue existing, and the Oankali get to remake human genetics according to their own design specifications. Lilith understands this imbalance perfectly and chooses merger anyway, not because she's been brainwashed but because the alternative is death, so the consent is real even though the coercion is invisible.
Butler's true prediction wasn't about aliens — it was about institutions that tell you bodily autonomy is a luxury you can't afford: medical experiments justified by public health, data collection framed as security, genetic databases presented as inevitability, each one working the same way because survival comes first, consent second, and questions never.
Read the specific scenes where Akin experiences biological hunger for Oankali involvement (Part Two, early chapters) and compare them against accounts from medical anthropologists studying how bodily sensation is used to normalize institutional control—start with Anne Harrington's work on how medicine shapes desire itself.
Seek out Butler's own 1993 interview in Science Fiction Eye where she discusses the Oankali as a thought experiment about what happens when you remove the option to refuse, specifically her comment about how 'consent becomes meaningless when the alternative is death'—it's direct and unsettling in a way the novel itself restrains.